eSpark’s Theory of Learning is grounded in seven research-based elements – teaching practices or curriculum design elements – that are directly linked to student learning outcomes.
These elements are: differentiation, adaptivity, student engagement, direct instruction, practice, formative assessment with immediate feedback and student explanation of learning. Here is a look at the research and principles that greatly influence eSpark’s curriculum.
1. Differentiation Keeps Learning Accessible
When a student first logs onto eSpark, they’re welcomed with a placement quiz to find their individual learning level. Though the students are continually assessed throughout the program to adjust to their skills, this initial reading in our curriculum design sets them on a path tailored to their needs. Why do we do this?
Research shows that differentiated content leads to greater student reading growth (Reis et al., 2011). This is particularly true when resources are provided for teachers to more easily differentiate (Otaiba et al., 2011).
2. Adaptivity Allows For Growth
In order to continually adapt to each student’s needs, eSpark administers a pre and post-quiz during each Quest. And, if a student struggles to master more than 50% of their Quests within a Grade-Level Domain, they are dropped down to an easier version of the same material. When they complete the easier content, they’re moved back to their original difficulty level to try again.
This strategy keeps students working with content that is neither too difficult nor too easy for their individual level. Our adaptive pathways consistently adjust within the student’s Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky, 1978). In demonstration of this theory, one study found that students who receive adaptive testing paired with individualized instruction show significantly better performance than their peers who receive more generalized instruction (Huey-Min, 2017).
3. Student Engagement Increases Motivation
Rather than relying on scores and praise, eSpark’s curriculum design uses interactive videos, songs, games and texts to motivate students. They’re encouraged to complete Quests simply for the fun of the activities. To ensure students are enjoying the games, we use a thumbs up/down method to collect feedback after every activity. Our team uses an 85% positive rating as a baseline. How do we know that engaging students works better than scores and praise?
Studies have shown a significant, positive correlation between intrinsic motivation and achievement in GPA and standardized test scores as well as negative relationships between extrinsic motivation and the same achievement scores (Lepper et al., 2005). Furthering this, both time on instruction and student engagement have produced a significant, positive association with achievement in math (Bodovski et al., 2007).
4. Direct Instruction Ensures Success
With eSpark’s focus on direct instruction, students are provided multiple opportunities to ensure that the skills they are learning are explicitly taught. Students need more than just practice to learn a skill, so direct instruction is front-and-center in the curriculum. Each eSpark Quest includes at least two engaging instructional videos which provide direct instruction through songs, cartoons, worked examples, and more.
Such direct instruction videos are interspersed between practice activities to ensure every skill is taught explicitly in a way that students will be able to transfer to independent practice (Fisher & Frey, 2007). Step-by-step instruction, particularly with math, and clear goal or expectation setting both increases test scores and improves the attitudes of students who struggle (Al-Makahleh, 2011).
5. Practice Leads to Mastery
For both reading and math activities, eSpark provides students with multiple opportunities to practice the skills they’re learning. The type of instruction and practice in our curriculum design depends on the subject area students work on, but both offer several different kinds of opportunities from games to quick checks to critical thinking challenges. Does practice really make perfect?
Providing both visual representations and a range of examples instills a deeper understanding of mathematics concepts and develops strong mathematical knowledge in students (Gersten et al., 2009). eSpark’s curriculum involves monitoring comprehension, asking questions, generating questions, summarization and the use of graphic organizers. Each of these strategies have proven to lead to increased learning, better transfer of learning, increased retention and overall improvements in comprehension (National Reading Panel, 2000).
6. Formative Assessments and Feedback Fuel Understanding
So, how do we know the students are learning from eSpark? Every eSpark video, activity and game features at least one check for understanding question. Students always receive feedback on their answers and if they’re wrong, they’re given feedback on how to answer similar questions in the future.
Even simple feedback, such as right or wrong, has been correlated with student learning outcomes (Faber et al., 2017). Alongside the feedback, eSpark students are permitted multiple attempts on assessments and challenges. Allowing students multiple attempts at mastering concepts is correlated to higher learning levels (Martinez J., & Martinez, 1992).
Students aren’t the only ones who receive feedback. Providing teachers with data on their students’ learning levels and suggested materials aligned to their gaps is correlated to student learning outcomes (Bergan et al., 1991). Teachers receive real-time formative assessment data, a strategy that is also linked to positive learning outcomes (Pape et al., 2012).
7. Student Explanation of Learning Aids Retention
The retention and transfer of skills is a key indicator of eSpark’s effectiveness. To ensure students retain what they learn from our videos and activities, eSpark asks them to create a video explaining what they’ve learned. This opportunity to demonstrate higher level understanding allows the student to become the teacher.
By verbally responding to a prompt, students are able to become the teachers and are much more likely to be able to transfer what they have learned (Rittle-Johnson, 2006). Even when compared to written responses, students of all ages are better able to retain what they have learned when they explain it verbally (Hoogerheide et al., 2016).
Overall, these seven research-based elements are instrumental in providing students with fun, individualized instruction focused on skill improvement.
For more information about eSpark’s curriculum design, contact us below.
Bibliography
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